run levels description

The Following points shows the meaning of each run level :

  • on LINUX-UBUTNU/DEBIAN:

0 – halt
1 – single user
2 – multiuser (default)
3 – same as 2
4 – same as 2
5 – same as 2
6 – reboot Continue reading

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how to know current run level

run the following command to know your current run level:


# who -r
         run-level 2  2013-12-20 00:39

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how to know your operating system release

if you want to get your operating system relase you have 2 ways to do that:

First: you can run the following command:

# lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID:	Ubuntu
Description:	Ubuntu 13.04
Release:	13.04
Codename:	raring

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how to log ftp commands

if you need to see FTP users log, and what they do on your system, just do the following commands ( this article doesn’t useful for past commands, it will be useful to get commands in the future after you do these steps):

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how to know the Major Number for Specific Volume Group

to list the Major number for Specific Volume Group, use the following Command :
“lvgenmajor VOLUME_GROUP_NAME”

for example :

# lvgenmajor rootvg
10

and the following link show how to display the available Major Numbers:

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how to list file system inside specific volume group

You can use command ‘lsvgfs’ to list all file systems inside specific volume group like the following example:

# lsvgfs rootvg
/
/usr
/var
/tmp
/home
/opt
/admin
/var/adm/ras/livedump
/oracle_osb
/u01/app/oracle
/u02/oradata
/iso_image
/TestFs
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how to mirror 2 terminals

Hello Everone,

do you think about terminal mirroring ??

do you think about how to know what the other users write on Shells???

AIX has a great commands you can use it for mirroring to see what others write or if you want to teach multi students and they can see on your terminal.

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how to see hidden char in file

some times you transfer files from windows to Linux or UNIX using binary method, you will find some hidden characters  on the file, to display these hidden character  use commands “cat” with option “vte” see the following examples:

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System Accounts Description

Hello Everybody,

i bring on the below line some description for system users and for what they used :

Description of accounts

  • root :
    • Commonly called the superuser (UID 0), this is the account that system administrators log into to perform system maintenance and problem determination.

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